MTHFR: How to check your data for C677T and A1298C

Key takeaways:
~ The MTHFR gene impacts how your body utilizes folate (vitamin B9) for creating neurotransmitters, detoxifying toxicants, and maintaining a healthy heart.
~ Genetic variants can impact how well this gene works.
~ Optimizing diet and supplements related to methylation may impact several aspects of wellness.

Check your raw data for C677T, A1298C, and more

This article shows you what to check in your raw data, then explains the scientific research on the MTHFR variants. At the end of the article, you will find solid, evidence-based lifestyle solutions for optimizing the MTHFR variants.

Frankly, there is a lot of misinformation on the internet about the MTHFR gene mutations, so I will explain the peer-reviewed research studies here.

I’ll clearly explain how to optimize your diet (or add in supplements) if you carry MTHFR genetic variants.

Let’s dig into the details of what “MTHFR” is and what the research shows about these variants.

What is the MTHFR gene?

The MTHFR gene codes for an enzyme that is an important part of the methylation cycle. The enzyme is called methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase or MTHFR (same as the gene).

There is a lot of swirl about MTHFR — with people thinking the “MTHFR mutation” is the cause of everything under the sun. It seems to have caused a backlash, with doctors claiming the variants are completely unimportant.

Let’s cut through the hype, and stick with the research:

Essentially, research shows that the MTHFR variants statistically increase the risk of quite a few health issues… But this relative risk needs to be kept in perspective and considered along with your diet and exposure to toxins.

What is the methylation cycle?

I mentioned above that the MTHFR gene codes for an enzyme that is an important part of the methylation cycle.

Methylation is the adding and removing of a methyl group (CH₃) to amino acids, DNA, and other enzymes or proteins.

Forming new molecules:
Most of the molecules in our body are chains of hydrocarbons — carbons plus hydrogens. So adding a methyl group stacks on one more link in a hydrocarbon chain. Sometimes it helps me to visualize it as the molecule being made of Legos, and the methyl group is just adding another Lego component to your creation.

Adding a methyl group – or an extra carbon plus three hydrogens – then changes the original molecule into something different.

Let’s take melatonin as an example: A methyl group is added to serotonin to convert it to melatonin.

DNA methylation:
A methyl group is also vital for your DNA in the cell nucleus. By binding to specific spots on a chromosome, methylation can turn on and off genes, maintain and repair your DNA, and alter proteins.

Detoxification and breaking down substances:
Methylation is essential in the nervous system, in the production and breakdown of neurotransmitters, and in detoxifying some environmental toxicants.

Homocysteine:
The methylation cycle also intimately impacts heart health. It controls the level of homocysteine, an important marker of heart disease risk. It is also involved in cholesterol levels.[ref] Genetic variants in the methylation pathway have been linked to high homocysteine levels and heart disease in many studies.

Hormones:
Additionally, the pathway involves the regulation of hormones, such as estrogen, as well as playing a role in histamine levels.

Related article: Histamine metabolism and estrogen receptors

As you can see, optimizing your methylation cycle can balance many health issues.

So how does the body make methyl groups? That is where MTHFR comes in.

What does the MTHFR enzyme do?

MTHFR is a central gene in the methylation cycle and is a limiting factor for producing methyl groups from folate (vitamin B9). Common genetic variants in the coding of this gene affect more than half the population.

Specifically, the MTHFR gene codes for an enzyme called methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase that turns folate into the active form, 5-methyltetrahydrofolate, that your body uses.

This enzyme, along with the active form of vitamin B-12 (methylcobalamin), drives an essential portion of the methylation cycle. While folate is important, I’ll also explain in the Lifehacks section how choline can also be a source of methyl groups…

What do C677T and A1298C mean? Getting the terms right…

Let’s talk about terminology…

• A mutation is a change in a gene that happens in less than 1% of the population. These are rare changes.
• A polymorphism is a change that occurs in the gene for more than 1% of the population. We all have lots of different polymorphisms — these are the small changes that make us all unique.

The MTHFR C677T variant is considered a single nucleotide polymorphism  – a SNP. One nucleotide base pair (the As, Cs, Gs, and Ts) is different for part of the population.

By genetic definitions, MTHFR C677T and A1298C are NOT mutations. Both are common variants, or SNPs. And both polymorphisms are found in about half the population.

Conditions linked to the MTHFR C677T or A1298C variants

While these variants are common, they do impact health and wellness — especially for people who don’t eat a lot of foods high in folates, such as dark leafy greens or beef liver.

The MTHFR gene is one of the most well-researched genes, with over 6,000 studies investigating the common C677T variant.

Important: Carrying an MTHFR variant increases the relative risk of many chronic diseases, but this does not mean it will cause you to have that disease. Simply put, these variants increase susceptibility to diseases when diet and lifestyle factors are not optimal.

Importantly, food choices or supplemental methylfolate can eliminate the problems from the MTHFR variants.

Depression and the MTHFR Gene Variants:

Let me go a little more in-depth here on the research that shows that MTHFR variants increase susceptibility to mood disorders.

• A meta-analysis, which included 26 different published studies, found that the MTHFR C677T variant was associated with an increased risk of depression in people with different ancestry groups.[ref]
• Age and gender may also play a role here. Postmenopausal women who carried the C677T variant had a 2 to 3-fold increased risk of depression. The study population group was Polish women.[ref]
• Women who were homozygous (two copies) for the A1298C variant were at twice the risk of major depressive disorder (MDD). The risk of MDD was even higher in COMT slow (MET) allele carriers. (read about COMT)[ref]

I do want to point out that not all studies agree, and some researchers found that the MTHFR C677T variant has little to no impact on depression risk. The difference may be due to the role that diet plays here. People who eat a diet that includes more folate (green veggies, legumes, etc.) may not be at an increased risk of mood disorders, while people who are folate-deficient may be more susceptible to depression.[ref][ref]

Related article: Getting to the root cause of depression

Getting specific on the MTHFR C677T variant:

The C677T SNP is a change in one nucleotide base at one spot in the gene. The variant slightly changes the protein structure, which causes the enzyme to break down faster at normal body temperature. Faster enzyme breakdown reduces the amount of enzyme available.[ref][ref][ref]

People with the rs1801133 A/A genotype have the greatest impact. They have about a 70% reduction in enzyme function.

Combined with a diet lower in folate, this more severe reduction in enzyme function impacts many aspects of health.

For example, recent research studies show:

• In cancer patients treated with 5-FU, neutropenia is 7-fold more likely with C677T.[ref]
• In epileptic patients, supplemental folate and B12 decreased seizure frequency in C677T carriers.[ref]
• In women with two copies of C677T (AA genotype), average blood pressure was higher by 10 mmHg for systolic BP.[ref]
• The C677T variant increases the relative risk of autism a little (33-66%). Keep in mind that this is an increase in relative risk, and other environmental and genetic factors are also involved in autism.[ref]

Why does the MTHFR variant increase the risk of heart disease?

Extensive studies are showing a link between MTHFR C677T and an increased risk of cardiovascular disease.

A meta-study that combined other study results shows that two copies of the MTHFR C677T variant (A/A genotype) increase the relative risk of heart disease by 38%.[ref] With heart disease being the number one killer in most countries, a 38% increase in risk is important.

The increased risk of heart disease is often explained as being due to high homocysteine levels in people with the MTHFR variant who don’t get adequate folate.[ref] High homocysteine levels have long been a marker of increased risk of heart disease.

A new research study, though, shows that people with MTHFR C677T variants (AG or AA) have reduced endothelial function, even when homocysteine levels are normalized by increasing folate intake.[ref] The endothelium is the lining of blood vessels, and endothelial function controls how the blood vessels relax or contract to control blood pressure. Additionally, endothelium function involves the release of the right enzymes to control blood clotting, immune function, and platelet stickiness. The study showed, using a mouse model of MTHFR C67T, that SIRT1 was down-regulated even when homocysteine was normalized. This affected clotting and endothelial function, and supplemental resveratrol helped to restore endothelial function.

Overall, optimizing your methylation cycle can be important to heart health. Take the knowledge of carrying a C677T variant as a ‘heads up’ to pay attention to your heart and be proactive about your health.

Related article: MTHFR, riboflavin, and reducing high blood pressure

Migraines:

Numerous studies show that MTHFR variants are linked to a significantly increased risk of migraines.

Some studies indicate that the risk is also due to higher homocysteine levels[ref], while other studies show that it may be due to the methylation of certain genes.[ref]

Looking at the data:

• Meta-analyses showed that the MTHFR C677T variant increased the risk of migraines with aura for all populations. In non-Caucasians, the increased risk was a whopping 3-fold.[ref][ref]
• A study examining the electrophysiological characteristics of migraines found that carriers of the MTHFR C677T variant were more likely to get migraines and more likely to have photophobia with migraines.[ref]
• The A1298C variant was associated with the risk of migraines in a North Indian population.[ref]

Related article: Getting to the root genetic cause of migraines

Detoxification and MTHFR: heavy metals and more

Another way methyl groups are necessary to health is by detoxifying toxicants. The body has many different means of rendering toxicants water-soluble and able to be excreted. Some of these involve the addition of methyl groups.

For example, a methyl group is needed in the detoxification reaction for arsenic. The enzyme (arsenite methyltransferase) that metabolizes arsenic depends on the availability of methyl groups. The C677T variant is linked to decreased arsenic detoxification and increased skin lesions with exposure.[ref][ref]

Related article: Arsenic detoxification genes

Additionally, methylation is important in detoxifying mercury. In fact, MTHFR variants are tentatively linked to being more likely to have problems detoxifying mercury (small study).[ref][ref]

Related article: Mercury detoxification genes

Tradeoffs! Balancing negative effects with the positive benefits of MTHFR C677T

You may wonder why MTHFR variants with such negative effects are so common in all population groups. It seems like a variant that should have been weeded out with natural selection. One thing I’ve noticed is that for common negative variants, there is almost always a positive effect that balances it out.

The big positive for MTHFR C677T is that it protects against several common types of cancer.

Studies finding protective effects:

• A meta-analysis found that two copies of the C677T variant (AA genotype) decrease the risk of colon cancer by about 20%![ref]
• Another meta-analysis found that two copies of the C677T variant (AA genotype) were protective against prostate cancer.[ref]
• Having either one or two copies of MTHFR C677T is protective against susceptibility to retinoblastoma[ref] and oral squamous cell cancer.[ref]
• A longevity study in China found that the T allele was more prevalent among their long-lived group (aged 90 and older), especially in females.[ref]
• Another Chinese study found two copies of the C677T variant (AA genotype) were protective against gastric cancer.[ref]

Why does decreasing methyl groups protect against cancers in the colon or stomach? The methyl groups are needed to support the excessive and quick growth of tumors, so limiting them decreases the replication of cells, including cancer cells. In fact, methotrexate was one of the first chemotherapy drugs discovered. Methotrexate is an ‘antifolate’ that works by inhibiting the conversion of dietary folate into methylfolate. The lack of methylfolate then inhibits the excessive cellular growth of tumors.[ref]

Studies finding protective effects of MTHFR A1298C:

The MTHFR A1298C variant (GG or GT genotypes) is associated with a decreased risk of hypothyroidism.[ref]

Why do some doctors think that MTHFR variants are not important?

The very extensive research (it’s one of the most researched genes) shows MTHFR variants have links to an increased relative risk for the disorders listed above and many other diseases.

While an MTHFR variant can play a role in susceptibility to many chronic diseases, it usually is not the absolute cause of most diseases. Instead, it’s just one part of the picture.

When patients flood into the doctor’s office to demand treatment for ”having the MTHFR gene”, the automatic backlash is to say that MTHFR variants aren’t important. (Terminology pet peeve – everyone has the MTHFR gene! It’s one of those genes you can’t live without.)

Most physicians are trained to treat diseases or symptoms rather than hunting down the various aspects of lifestyle, diet, and environment that could contribute to the disease. No one has the time in a 10-minute visit to discuss the nuances of diet, genetics, toxicant exposure, etc. To be fair, most people going to a doctor with an ailment expect to get a simple answer or a pill that solves the problem immediately.

Digging deeper: More than just C677T and A1298C

While the C677T and A1298C are the most well-studied variants, there are several other genetic variants in the MTHFR gene that either increase or decrease the enzyme’s function.

Lifehacks: Actions you can take with MTHFR

Knowing that you carry an MTHFR genetic variant can help guide your choice of foods and supplements. By optimizing your diet, you can mitigate the risks from the MTHFR variants.[ref]

Diet for MTHFR:

Increase folate-rich foods:
Increasing your intake of folate (vitamin B9) from foods will help mitigate some of the risks from the MTHFR variant. Foods containing lots of folates include leafy greens, lentils, liver, asparagus, liver, and broccoli.

Is dietary folate enough?
A recent study showed that increasing folate-rich foods reduced homocysteine levels and inflammatory markers in women with the MTHFR C677T variant. The study showed that eating 191 mcgs of folate from vegetables each day caused a significant beneficial change.[ref]

Need recipe ideas? Check out Folate-rich foods and recipes for MTHFR

Folate is not exactly folic acid…
Note that when looking at folate content, you need to ensure the ingredients list doesn’t refer to folic acid (a synthetic form found in processed foods). Not everyone processes folic acid the same way.

Related article: Folic acid and your DHFR gene

Increase your choline intake: 
Choline can help your body bypass a lack of folate in the methylation cycle.[ref][ref]

Good sources of choline include egg yolks, beef liver, and wheat germ.

A metabolite of choline, betaine, is what works through the methylation cycle; therefore, food sources of betaine (beets, quinoa, and spinach) are also helpful here. Supplemental betaine (also called TMG) is also available. (People with two copies of the slow COMT variant may want to be careful with supplementing with TMG.)

Related article: Choline-rich foods and recipe ideas

MTHFR Supplements:

If your diet doesn’t provide enough nutrients needed in the methylation cycle, you may want to consider supplements to increase your intake. Alternatively, you could experiment with supplements on a short-term basis to see exactly which nutrients you need to include more of in your diet.

Supplemental methylfolate and B12:

• If you aren’t getting enough folate from foods, you could try a low-dose methylfolate supplement. Methylfolate is the active form of folate (vitamin B9).
• Vitamin B12 is also important in the methylation cycle, so you need to ensure you are getting enough B12 either through diet (animal-based foods) or supplements.

Note: People with the slow COMT genetic variant may want to be careful about high-dose supplements that affect the methylation cycle, such as methylfolate and methylB12. Instead, stick with dietary folate and use alternative forms of B12, such as adenosyl and hydroxocobalamin. Read all about COMT and supplement interactions.

The rest of this article goes into details on supplements and other genetic variants to consider along with MTHFR. It is for Genetic Lifehacks members only. Consider joining today to see the rest of this article.

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